Embryonic Stem Cell Research Could Help Out Many People

Embryonic stem cell research could help out many people and benefit from the research that they do on embryonic stem cells. There is a very big ethic problem when it comes to doing the research on the stem cells, but do you think that it is worth it? There are some pros and cons on the research on embryonic stem cells. There is many benefits to conducting research on the stem cells. They could use differentiated cells that could result to certain disease that require transplanting stem cells generated from the human embryonic stem cell. The diseases are traumatic spinal cord injury, diabetes, Duchene’s muscular dystrophy, vision and hearing loss as well as heart disease. (White) Stem cells could also†¦show more content†¦They are will be many people’s lives saved because the wait can be so long to wait when it comes to an organ. There is many cons to why not to do research on embryonic stems cells. The cells are derived from a human embryos and for them to be obtained the embryo must be disassembled. Then the once done disassembling the component cells are then grown in culture. Many people believe that life begins at conception so the stem cells used for research should have a legal treatment and status as a human beings. Embryonic stem cells can cause tumors due to rapid growth when injected into adults. The human embryonic stem cells will require the use of drugs which is lifelong so as to prevent rejection of the tissue. One principle which is suffering, and the other enjoins us to respect the value of human life. Harvesting and culturing of embryonic stem cells can have a lot of potential to bring for the benefits in the way of many medical conditions.( Curzer) There is other cases to make that harvesting human embryonic stem cells that violates a principle that there is the destruction of human life with value. There is a question to which principle that would be the best way to go on with the confits of the embryonic stem cells. Should we take the first one and let them destroy embryonic stem cells research because of what the greater good could come to the benefits to others,Show MoreRelatedIs Stem Cell Research Ethical?1252 Words   |  6 Pages Is Stem Cell Research Ethical? The question that has been asked so many times, is stem cell research ethical? To argue ethics over this topic, one must first know what a stem cell is.Stem Cells are â€Å"cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells† (Stem Cell Basics: Introduction). The National Institutes of Health say that stem cells are distinguished for two different reasons. The first is â€Å"they are unspecialized cells capable of renewingRead MoreBiomedical Engineering: Stem Cells Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pagesadvances and research that stem from biomedical engineers can solve problems that would have never have been able to be solved before. Engineers have been working on new technology that will utilize stem cells in order to save lives and treat diseases. The stem cells that are used for treatment are called embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are formed from five-day old human embryos that the embryos are essentially hum an beings (In Stem-cell Research† Para. 3). The usage of such stem cells has causedRead MoreThe Benefits Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1184 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Embryonic stem cell research will prolong life, improve life and give hope for life to millions of people.† This quote by Jim Ramstad is about the benefits of Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Stem cells give us many opportunities to find the mechanisms that help regulate embryonic development, organ maintenance, and cellular differentiation. (Ramalho-Santos and Willenbring 35-38). Embryonic stem cell research has been around for many years. It has proven to be very beneficial to the medical world,Read MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1292 Words   |  6 PagesEmbryonic stem cells research is the most debated type of stem cell research. The moral standings of embryonic stem cell research have been debated since the research started. The side against the research claims that it is wrong to valu e one’s life above another and that the elimination of the most basic form of life is murder. While the side supporting the research claims that the research could bring about the cure for many types of diseases and help save the lives of millions. Embryonic stemRead MoreEmbryonic Stem Cells Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesEmbryonic cells should be allowed to be used because of the medical benefits they provide. They can be used to cure diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, traumatic spinal cord injury, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, heart disease, and even vision and hearing loss (nih.gov 2009). There is no problem using them for medical purposes and it is not immoral to use them for this reason. Embryonic cells have the potential to save lives. Therefore, the usage of embryonic cells outweighs the ethicalRead MoreStem Cell Research is a Vital Necessity for Medical Advances in America1373 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of people means allowing embr yonic stem cell research, which has the potential to help 150 million Americans who suffer from serious or incurable diseases or disabilities† (Roleff 63). It is incredible how some of the smallest items like stem cells can have such a drastic impact on the world. Two types of these tiny cells are adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. These stem cells are important and have unique opportunities. However, there are ethical issues with researching stem cellsRead MoreThe Issue Of Stem Cell Research1218 Words   |  5 Pagesas perfect as it could get; pursuing your wildest dreams, no financial problems, loving friends and families who supports you, not worrying about the limitation of your body†¦ but one day, were told that you have an incurable illness or an injury that will leave you permanently paralyzed. Luckily amazing new scientific discoveries could change that. Today we are on the brink of a new age in medicine, all because of the cells inside us. It’ s called stem cell research and it could be the first stepRead MoreEmbryonic Stem Cells : Research Worth Pursuing1201 Words   |  5 PagesVogan Research Paper 24 February 2015 Embryonic Stem Cells: Research worth Pursuing â€Å"Embryonic stem cell research will prolong life, improve life, and give hope for life to millions of people,† said politician Jim Ramstad. This is a very powerful statement, and a very accurate statement. The solution to curing many diseases is just around the corner because of the advancements in embryonic stem cell research. The much needed support of society can speed up the progression of this research so livesRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1318 Words   |  6 Pagesalready a way to cure cancer out there right now? What if it was right at the tip of humanity’s fingers, and with a little bit more reach it would be ours? This miracle is known as Stem Cell Research (SCR). Stem Cell Research is a relatively new field that has shown much promise to help deal with hundreds of different conditions and diseases. Though this astounding field holds the key to saving thousands of lives, there is a misguided ethical problem with Stem Cell Research raised by the church. TheRead MoreEssay on Embryonic Stem Cells Research1005 Words   |  5 PagesEmbryonic stem cells research is a very conflicting subject in the United States. Some people think that it is morally and religiously incorrect as they are killing a human life at the first stage of life. While some think it is ok because the human life to them starts at the fetus or when the fetus can feel pain. In this paper we are going to discuss the total aspect of embryonic stem cell research: how the government takes play in the study of embryonic stem cells, how embryonic stem cells have

Euthanasia and Religion Essay - 666 Words

Euthanasia and Religion Some people believe human life is to respect above all other forms of life whilst others believe that all life (both human and non-human species) is to be given equal respect and treated as sacred (special). Most religions believe humans are special. For instance, they teach that we have a soul (a part of us that lives on after death), and that we have been given an opportunity to have a relationship with God. Some religions, such as Judaism and Christianity, also teach that humans have been created in Gods image. This means that humans have certain qualities and characteristics that God has (E.g. They can make things, they have the ability to reason things, they†¦show more content†¦Thus all living things are to be respected. As a result of this many Hindus promote ahimsa (non-violence) towards all living things (both human and non-human species) and as such would condemn war and may choose not to eat meat. A similar idea can be seen in Buddhism where one of the Five Precepts (moral codes), says that life should not be harmed. Once again, this means that Buddhists, like Hindus, would want to condemn war and would probably be vegetarian. Both Hinduism and Buddhism are Indian religions. Another Indian religion, Jainism, has such a respect for life that its followers often place a handkerchief over their nose and mouth so that they do not breath in small flies. They also sweep the ground before they walk on it so that they do not kill small creatures by treading on them. Finally, Islam teaches that Allah alone is the one who gives life. Thus any attack on human life is an attack against God (the second greatest sin in Islam). Those religions, which teach that life has come from God, also believe that it is only God who should decide when life is to be taken away. Once again the following passage from the Bible illustrates this well: The Lord brings death and makes alive; he brings down to the grave and raises up. (1 Samuel 2:6) Despite the fact that religions often teach we are special on theShow MoreRelated Euthanasia and Religion Essay2168 Words   |  9 PagesEuthanasia and Religion      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the world today, medical technology is so advanced that a terminally ill patient can be kept alive for months or even years - sometimes against the will of the patient. When did suicide become a sin, and who decided that it was? Opinion polls consistently show a majority of people professing all varieties of faiths support a change in the law for voluntary euthanasia. Even amongst Roman Catholics, more people support euthanasia than oppose (a poll in ScotlandRead MoreBeliefs of Different Religions About Euthanasia1569 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent Religions About Euthanasia For this essay I have decided to study the two religions Christianity and Buddhism. Buddhism has no major denominations, unlike Christianity, which has many denominations around the globe. However, I am only going to focus on Christianity as a whole, quoting teachings from the Bible (Old and New Testament), and then referring to the two major denominations of Anglican and Roman Catholic when their points on euthanasia are absoluteRead MoreThe Conflict of Religion and Euthanasia Essay examples819 Words   |  4 PagesThe Conflict of Religion and Euthanasia There are a number of reasons why religious believers would be concerned regarding assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. The Church’s belief concerning this matter is that if G-d has given the gift of life then it should be â€Å"revered and cherished†. As far as the Church is concerned, the deliberate taking of human life should be prohibited, except in self-defenceRead MoreEuthanasia Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Kraig Ekstein Buck, Todd RELU 110 October 27, 2013 Euthanasia Throughout the world there are many contemporary ethical issues pertaining different religions throughout the globe. These issues have been around for many years and are still quite debated in today’s society. One of the most controversial issues is wither euthanasia is right or wrong. Euthanasia is an ongoing topic in religions throughout the world and each carries their own personal beliefs on the topic. In order to understand howRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Euthanasia752 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia is the termination of a very sick person’s life in order to relieve them of their pain and suffering. Euthanasia is from a Greek word meaning easy death. The person who undergoes euthanasia usually has an incurable condition and in some cases wants their life to be ended. Euthanasia can be done at the request of a person which is voluntary but at the same time if a per is too sick and is unable to make the decision the family/next of kin inline, do chose or the court makes the decisionRead MoreEssay on Personal Evaluation of Euthanasia556 Words   |  3 Pages Personal Evaluation of Euthanasia I feel that euthanasia should be legalized. I believe that everyone has the right to choose how he or she live and die. Not everybody will have an easy death. Some terminal pain cannot be controlled, even with the best of care and the strongest of drugs. Other distressing symptoms, which come with diseases, such as sickness, no mobility, breathlessness and fever cannot always be relieved. A life filled with pain is horrible and itRead MoreEssay on Euthanasia a Topic Surrounded by Controversies780 Words   |  4 Pages Euthanasia is a very controversial subject, due to the fact it’s a way of painless killing of a patient suffering from a debilitating disease that cannot be cured, or the patient is in a coma and has no way of coming out of it. In this case some societies consider it’s a good way of dying, as it is done to relieve pain and suffering. Some, especially most of religious individuals, consider this a form of a murder, which raises a question of morality. In this article, the author is discussing theRead MoreResearching Physician Assisted Suicide801 Words   |  3 PagesEuthanasia Euthanasia, or physician assisted suicide, is an important and controversial topic in our society today, and (under the correct conditions) should both be considered legal and morally acceptable. In fact, throughout history euthanasia has been a debate in many countries, some areas accepting the practice, whereas others find it unacceptable. Many people and professionals continue to refer to the Hippocratic Oath, an vow stating the proper conduct for doctors, and its famous wordsRead MoreAssisted Suicide : A Controversial Subject1224 Words   |  5 Pagesvalues. Assisted suicide or euthanasia is derived from the Greek word euthanatos which means easy death. Assisted suicide or voluntary Euthanasia is the conclusion to end one s life, by another at the request of that individual. If a person is too ill, the family can petition it, or in some circumstances the courts can decide, which is called non-voluntary euthanasia. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the legality of assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia has brought about many moralRead MoreComparing Judaism and Buddhisim on Controversial Topics912 Words   |  4 PagesThere are countless religions around the world with various opinions on moral teachings. Moral teachings are vital in a religious group because they guide our actions and teach us how to behave in our everyday lives. Judaism and Buddhism express their values of abortion, homosexuality as well as euthanasia in exceptionally similar fashions. Similarities and differences between the two religions will further be explored. A huge controversy throughout an abundance of religions is the topic of abortion

Vygotsky Learning Theory Free Essays

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky developed a learning theory for education based on one’s culture in the 1920s and 1930s. Even without a psychology background, he became fascinated by the subject. During his short life, he was influenced by the great social and political upheaval of the Marxist Revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Vygotsky Learning Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now After his death in 1934, his ideas were rejected by the U. S. S. R. and only resurfaced after the Cold War ended in 1991. Vygotsky’s theory has exceedingly influenced education in Russia and in other countries. Lev Vygotsky was born in Orsha, Western Russia, which is now Belarus in 1896. Vygotsky was born into a typical middle-class Jewish family and grew up in a predominantly Jewish town of Gomel, roughly four hundred miles from Moscow (Kouzlin, 1990). He studied and graduated law from the University of Moscow on a Jewish scholarship. After graduation, he prepared his first research project in the psychology field in 1925 with The Psychology of Art, which was not published until the 1960s. Some time later, he became a psychologist working with Alexandar Luria and Alexei Leontiev (Gallagher, 1999). Lev Vygotsky’s socioculture theory begs to answer the question: What is culture and why is it important to a child’s learning. Dr. Diane Bukatko, psychology professor, says culture is â€Å"the many facets of the environment that humans have created and continue to produce. . . But even more importantly, culture includes language and the practices, values, and beliefs accumulated and communicated from one generation to the next† (Bukatko, 2004). Vygotsky’s theory places an emphasis on the learner’s culture. Vygotsky believed that the â€Å"child’s cognitive growth must be understood in the content of the culture in which he or she lives† (Bukatko, 2004). That is to say, he believed that a child is shaped by his or her own culture. Vygotsky believed that the social activity with â€Å"children, caregivers, peers, and tutors cultivate in them the particular skills and abilities their cultural group values† (Bukatko, 2004). This social activity is the backbone to his theory. Vygotsky had two main theories of cognitive development: the More Knowledgeable Other and the Zone of Proximal Development. The More Knowledgeable Other simply means that this is a person that has a higher understanding that the learner. This may be teacher to student or it can be student to student. Vygotsky’s other major theory, Zone of Proximal Development is the â€Å"span or disparity between what children are able to do without the assistance of others and what they are often able to accomplish by having someone more expect assist them at key points† (Bukatko, 2004). Vygotsky believed that the most effective instruction took place just slightly above the learner’s current ability. There was a study done in which children were asked which items of wooden furniture when into a doll house. Some children were allowed to play with their mother, the More Knowledgable Other, before they attempted it alone, while others were only allowed to do it by themselves. It was found that those who had previously worked with a More Knowledgable Other showed greatest improvement with their attempt than those who did not (McLeod, 2007). The most important of Vygotsky’s theories in regards to education is his Zone of Proximal Development. It gives the educator a scale defining what the learner is able to achieve with or without assistance and exactly at what level he or she can attain. Based on his ZPD, Vygotsky believed that play is a â€Å"vehicle for a child behaving more maturely than at other times† and in play â€Å"children can work at the top of their Zone of Proximal Development† (Vygotsky, 1978). Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development shows what a child can learn with assistance. This can be a great tool in the teacher’s proverbial toolbox. His theories also gives a great understanding in children learning from each other and from the teacher based on the More Knowledgeable Other and sociocultural understanding. Language and thought is sometimes believed to develop together. A child knows what a cat is before he can actually say the word. If the parent asks the child where the cat is, the child is able to point and correctly label the cat (assuming they have a cat as a pet, of course). This is directly in opposition to his idea that the child must know the spoken word â€Å"cat† before the child learns the concept. Vygotsky also believed that one’s culture is the defining growth characteristic in language and development. However, his theory states little on biological factors. How to cite Vygotsky Learning Theory, Essays

Exercise Physiology

Questions: 1.Describe the structure and function of the physiological systems studied and explain how these respond to sport and exercise.2. Explain the integration of the physiological systems studied during sport and exercise.3. Explain how the limitations of physiological response may limit sport and exercise performance. Answers: 1. Function of Cardiovascular and Respiratory System: Heart is comprised of the arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins. Heart is a muscular organ acts as pump. Through the arteries and arterioles, heart supplies oxygen and nutrients to the other parts of the body. At the same time heart, receives impure blood with carbon dioxide and waste material. Upper chambers of the heart receive blood and lower chamber pumps out the blood. Respiratory system comprises of different parts like lungs, diaphragm and nasal cavity. Main function of the respiratory system is to transport oxygen to muscles and tissues as well carbon dioxide from muscles and tissues. At the time exercise, respiratory system helps to meet oxygen demand of working muscles (Larry et al., 2015). Exercise: Exercise like running and swimming augments need of muscle for oxygen and nutrients. There is deep breathing and pulse rate increases when person is performing exercise. When a persons physiology is not normal, then cardiovascular system doesnt adopt to these changes easily. Hence, such persons feel tired very easily with moderate exercise also. There is increased production of energy during exercise because of skeletal movements and contractions. Body produces carbon dioxide as the toxic byproduct during exercise (Ehrman, 2009). Cardiovascular System: At the time of exercise, adrenal gland increases production of adrenaline and noradrenaline which affects the functioning of heart. These hormones act on heart by influencing sympathetic nerves. During the duration of moderate to intense exercise, heart rate increases rapidly and heart pumps more volume of blood. At the time of exercise, sympathetic nerves act on veins and veins get constricted which results in the return of more blood to the heart. This results in the increase in stroke volume by approximately 30 to 40 %. Consequently, there is the increase in the systolic blood pressure and increase in the blood volume (Peanha et al., 2016; Besnier et al., 2016). Along with volume, there is also increase in the speed of the blood flow through the blood capillaries. Due to increased blood flow, there is the increase in diameter of the blood capillaries. During exercise, blood flowing through the veins should not flow in the reverse direction. Diastolic pressure falls during moderate exercise because capillaries and veins relax and dilate during the duration of exercise. Even though, there is increase in the heart rate during exercise, there is decrease in heart rate after long exercise (Bell, 2008). In normal person heart rate is around 72 beats per minute, however heart rate increase upto 200 beats per minute during exercise. Because heart is a muscle and it becomes acquired with the exercise activity and need less work to pump oxygenated blood. In long term exercise, this condition can be observed both during exercise and after completion of exercise. There can be increase in heart rate during long term exercise but it would not be sharp increase due to the strengthening of the heart (Roh et al., 2016). During exercise, working muscles are the main focus of the circulatory system. Circulatory system prevents blood flow to the resting organs and tissues like tissues of the digestive system. During exercise, circulatory system delivers maximum number of nutrients to the skeletal system. There is increase in the capillary bed in muscle during exercise and circulatory system delivers 12 times more blood during exercise. Main reason for increase in the blood pressure during exercis e is nutrient rich blood (Larry et al., 2015). Respiratory System: Due to the increased amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide during exercise, there is increased respiratory rate and rate of breathing also increased. During exercise, there is increased stimulation of sympathetic nerves which results in the stimulation of the respiratory muscles and increase in the respiratory rate. During exercise, respiratory rate increase form 14 beat per minute to around 32 beat per minute. Tidal volume also increases during exercise. During normal condition tidal volume is approximately 0.5 liter and during exercises this tidal volume increase upto 4-5 liter. In normal condition human can take up to 0.35 liter of Oxygen per minute however, in case of exercise it can increase up to 3.5 liter per minute. It has been reported that, oxygen intake can be increased up to 6 liters per minute based on the fitness level of the individual. There is increased work for ribcage muscles and diaphragm during exercise (Plowman and Smith, 2007). Approximately 40 50 % changes occur in the intrathorasic pressure during exercise. This increased respiratory rate helps in allowing more oxygen to enter lungs and blood. Consequently, blood can deliver more oxygen to the working muscles during exercise (Porcari et al., 2015). In long term, exercise helps respiratory system to adapt to the physiological adaptations. As a result, there is augmentation in the efficiency of the respiratory system and removal of metabolic by-products. With this increased efficiency, respiratory system can transport and deliver more oxygen to the working muscles. Long term oxygen efficiency of respiratory system generally measured using VO2 max test which is a test for maximum rate of oxygen consumption during incremental exercise. During exercise, there is improvement in the VO2 max. During exercise, there is increased metabolic by-product due to cellular respiration. At the same time, there is increase in the carbon dioxide due to compensate for these acidic byproducts. As there is increased production of carbon dioxide in the body, person should breath faster to expel produced carbon dioxide (West, 2012). During long term exercise, there could be intensified respiratory rate however, there would not be difficulty in the respiration due to strengthening of the lungs. Respiratory rate of the body remains elevated after the completion of the exercise. This event is known as Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC). This EPOC phenomenon occurs because, body tries to bring back physiology to normal homeostatic condition and resting state similar to prior to exercise. This surplus oxygen consumption helps body to refill energy reserve, make oxygen and hormone level in the blood to normal level, maintain normal body temperature and ventilation. Duration of EPOC can vary from few minutes to 24 hrs based on the type of exercise (Larry et al., 2015). 2. Exercise enforces enormous stress on the physiology of the person. Hence, different physiological functions should act in coordination to get maximum benefit with lesser stress. Exercise produces multiple effects on the cardiopulmonary system. There is increased work load on the cardiopulmonary system during exercise. Both cardiovascular and respiratory system works towards the same goal. Goal of these two systems is to delivery oxygen to the tissues and extract carbon dioxide form the tissues during exercise. Respiratory system gets fresh oxygen from the air during inhalation. This oxygen transported to the blood with low oxygen level through alveoli. At the same time, carbon dioxide from the blood gets transported to the lungs. This fresh oxygen received by the respiratory system gets transported to the different parts of the body by virtue of cardiovascular system. In this way, both cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together. If there is hypertrophy of muscle, blood c apillaries and mitochondria, it would lead to the increased circulatory capacity and increased oxygen transport to the tissues. However, increase in the circulatory function to the greater extent during exercise may lead to the requirement of the greater structural demand. This increase in the structural demand lead to the exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (Gregory and Travis, 2015). Respiratory system utilize parts of cardiovascular system like heart, blood and blood vessels for the transport of the oxygen and carbon dioxide. During exercise, there is increase in both the heart beats and breathing rate. This is due to increased demand for the oxygen. Circulatory system has chemoreceptors and these chemoreceptors detect alteration in the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the blood. These chemoreceptors send danger signal of increased carbon dioxide level in the blood. Brain sends signals to increase respiration rate, in response to increased carbon dioxide level in the blood (Hawley et al., 2014). During exercise, veins of the circulatory system should work more to circulate waste product to the heart. Consequently, heart contracts and pumps blood into the pulmonary artery. Lungs absorb this carbon dioxide and exhale this carbon dioxide outside the body. It has been observed that, there is increase in the pulmonary vasodilation during exercise (Margarite lis et al., 2016). There are three different phases of cardiorespiratory response occurs during exercise. Phase 1 response is rapid and it occurs prior to initial 15 seconds. This rapid response in phase 1 is mainly due to the neural control mechanisms. Second phase of cardiorespiratory response occurs between 15 s to 3 minute and in this phase 2 there is slower increase in the cardiorespiratory response. Generally, period after 3 minutes is considered as the steady state for the cardiorespiratory response. At the end of the exercise, both breathing rate and heart gradually return to the normal. This gradual normalization of the heart rate and breathing rate is called as recovery period. This recovery period for cardiovascular and respiratory system is faster in people who exercise as compared to the people who do not perform exercise. After completion of the exercise, this cool down period is necessary for heart and lung. This cooling down period should be gradual and light exercise like stretches and motion exercises can be incorporated during this period. Sudden stopping of the muscle activity can result in the decrease in the blood pressure below normal level and results in the dizziness and lightheadness. This steady state of the cardiorespiratory system can be achieved by integration of neural and humoral mechanisms. Nueral mechanisms involved in the regulation of the cardiorespiratory system are feedback reflex from the working muscle and feedforward motor action generated from the central nervous system. It reflects central nervous system command and muscle afferent information work in coordination during exercise for effective utilization of the cardiorespiratory system. If there is more exercise, this system become more efficient. These two system work together for efficient transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide during exercise. During exercise there is more production of heat in the body (Periard et al., 2016). During this period of EPOC, bodies necessitate surplus en ergy to activate the cooling system of the body. Ventilation and heart rate also requires more energy during the period of EPOC. 3. In persons with chronic blood pressure, there is damage of the blood vessels and this lead to the arteries with plaque. Due to the presence of this plaque, there is limitation of the blood flow to the muscles. As a result, muscles dont receive oxygen during the exercise. More serious case occurs, when there is narrowing of coronary artery, which result in the pain in chest during the exercise. In persons with univentricular circulation, there is significant decrease in the exercise capability of the person. During exercise, there is increased work demand on the right ventricle (RV). There is decreased cardiac output in the patients with heart failure during exercise. To increase cardiac output, there should be more contractibility for RV as compared to the LV. In case of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary circulation prevents cardiac output. Generally impairment in the tolerance of exercise, is due to the diastolic dysfunction. This diastolic dysfunction is due to the i nsufficient filling of LV and damage to the LV myocardium. Insufficient filling of LV is due to the reduction in preload. As compared to the systemic circulation, there is increased pulmonary vascular pressure. It reflects there is more workload on the RV and cardiac fatigue due to exercise (Brown et a., 2012; LeMura and Von Duvillard, 2004). As compared to the heart, respiratory system of the heart is not usually considered as the limitation for exercise in the normal person. This strength of respiratory system is due to capacity of the system to manage increased requirement for ventilation and gas exchange during heavy exercise (Szabo et a., 2015). There are different reasons for the impaired transport of oxygen to the working muscles in the exercise. First, is the failure of the respiratory system to prevent arterial desaturation and there is alteration in the oxygen content in the arteries. This increased Arterial Oxyhaemoglobin desaturation is due to the inadequate hyperventilation during exercise. This inadequate hyperventilation is due to decreased chemo responsiveness as a result of decreased circulating chemical agents like adenosine, catecholamines and proteins. Second, is the respiratory muscle work fatigue due to heavy exercise. This respiratory muscle fatigue mainly occurs due to the increase in activity of b oth inspiratory and expiratory muscle. This results in the sympathetic system mediated limb-muscle vasculature vasoconstriction and alteration in the blood flow to the leg. Third, is the unwarranted fluctuations in the intrathoracic pressure and consequent alteration in the cardiac output and blood flow to the leg. These fluctuations in the intrathoracic pressure also results in the exposure of heart and large blood vessels to the considerable oscillatory pressure. Due to this impaired oxygen transport, there is decreased VO2 max and reduced endurance capacity of the individual. At higher altitude, limitations of respiratory system are more during exercise. At higher altitude, there is decreased arterial content and increased fatigue of the respiratory muscle (Ehrman, 2009; Amann, 2012). Enhanced oxygen delivery to the tissues during exercise is mainly limited by the central factors such as heart, lung and blood vessels and peripheral factor such as tissue extraction of oxygen. There are also physiological factors responsible for the limitation of the oxygen delivery and these include pulmonary diffusion, efficiency of cardiac output, amount of blood flow and rate of blood flow (Bassett and Howley, 2000). During exercise, there is the increased amount of cardiac output. Due to this, there are fewer periods for blood to accept oxygen in the lungs and consequently lower oxygen saturation in the blood. It has been estimated that around, 80 % of the limitation of the oxygen delivery to the tissues is due to increased cardiac output. In peripheral region main limiting factors responsible for the oxygen extraction of tissue are muscle diffusion capacity, mitochondrial enzymes responsible for the ATP production and blood capillary density at the muscle. Oxygen delivery to t he muscle mainly depends on the gradient mechanism. During exercise there is increase in the mitochondrial enzymes and consequently peripheral limitation to the oxygen delivery to the muscle. Central factors are more important for delivery of oxygen to tissues as compared to the peripheral factors (Robergs, 2001). Thus, cardiovascular and respiratory systems are two most important systems plays important role in the exercise and sports in an individual. References: Amann, M. (2012). Pulmonary System Limitations To Endurance Exercise Performance In Human Experimental Physiology, 97(3), pp. 311318. Bassett, D.R., JR., and Howley, E.T. (2000). Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. 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