Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 21

Brain science - Essay Example The capability of machines were believed to have the option to in the end incorporate â€Å"an inductive and inventive psyche, fit for stepping up to the plate, to which individuals could trust every one of their issues and get moment arrangements in return† (Ifrah, 1997: 1679). This misguided judgment in the beginning of the PC has extended even to today. This conversation analyzes the elements of the human cerebrum notwithstanding the importance of information and the confinements of machines when contrasted with the human brain. Mechanical PCs, not at all like the elements of the PC like mind don't have the capacity to decide directly from wrong nor would they be able to cause decisions, to have no emotions and can't think all alone. PCs can't reason, envision, design, make, express contemplations, oversee thoughts, make decisions or have the capacity to adjust to contrasting circumstances and in this way can't take care of issues that are different to them. In contrast to the human cerebrum, PCs aren’t aware of their own being, have no understanding of their general surroundings and can't execute willful exercises (Ifrah, 1997: 1616). Since machines are just ready to follow mandates, they don't have the capacity to act naturally mindful. On the off chance that it is acknowledged that PCs don't and will never get mindful of their own being, at that point it is sensible to ask what empowers the human’s natural machine to achieve cognizance while the silicon-based modernized ‘brain’ can't. Conceivably, the response to this inquiry is the way that the structure of the human cerebrum is self-sorting out. It reacts to the individual qualities and the autonomous idea of associations among itself and the specific condition. Anyway other regular, natural frameworks, for example, numerous kinds of basic ‘animals’ and all vegetation include a multifaceted, self-sorting out interrelationship inside its internal component yet are additionally not mindful of themselves. This demonstrates however

Social Stratification and Class

Social Stratification and Class Talk about what is implied by social separation and assess the various ways that social class has been characterized and estimated. The term social definition alludes to the gathering of social classes inside a general public. This is a particular type of disparity, and the impact of this is sure gatherings in the public eye are viewed as having a higher status or rank than others dependent on influence and riches. Social delineation works by society positioning which is situated in four areas. Social separation can be passed starting with one age then onto the next, for example eminence, it is general however changes after some time and spot, it is an attribute of society not singular contrasts and ultimately social delineation likewise goes on convictions and not simply disparity (Wikipedia, 2014). Sociologists contend that some type of social separation happens in each general public on the planet notwithstanding that everybody professes to need an equivalent society (Burton, 2013). Sociologists consider there to be three fundamental frameworks of delineation in today’s social orders. These are servitud e, the rank framework and the class framework. Subjection has legitimately been nullified in numerous nations yet there is still proof of at any rate 400 million individuals living under conditions that add up to servitude. For those living in Sudan, Ghana, India, Pakistan, and numerous different nations with comparative standards, subjugation is a typical thing to occur and in specific pieces of Asia sex subjection is additionally normal. A rank framework is a social framework based on credited status. This is a status dependent on qualities an individual is brought into the world with, for example, race, sexual orientation, religion, age and so on. In a position framework there is no possibility to change starting with one standing then onto the next and marriage outside of a person’s station isn't by and large allowed. Regularly in a position framework the relationships are pre-orchestrated between guardians instead of a decision of the person. A class framework is a social framework based on accomplished status. This i s status that an individual either gains or picks so isn't subject to where an individual was conceived or a person’s parentage. Those conceived in a class framework can pick their training, vocation and accomplice. An individual in a class framework may likewise begin in one class yet can move between classes (Spark Notes, n.d). For some sociologists the attention is on the position and class frameworks of separation and the measure of social versatility inside that framework. This social portability is the simplicity of which an individual can go up or down the class framework and will be founded on a person’s riches or influence. In present day western social orders, separation is sorted out by class and isolated into three fundamental layers, high society, white collar class and lower class. Every one of these classes would then be able to be separated into further classifications dictated by things, for example, lodging areas (Wikipedia, 2014). A person’s social class will rely upon where they are from, their job, where they accomplished their training, who they are associated with and how amazing them individuals might be, how much riches they have and their situation in the public arena. At the point when a person’s social class is being viewed as their training won't for the most part be thought of, except if obviously they went to high positioning instruction office. This individual will likewise need to have some high associations with be considered for privileged status. In the event that an individual is deficient with regards to any of these variables they will be considered as center or even lower class, contingent upon their postcode or bank balance, inside a western culture. In present day western social orders there are various classifications for social definition, for example, age, race, sexual orientation, class, race or incapacity and in certain spots there will be significantly more classes (Wikipedia, 2014). Social grouping has occurred some time before the cutting edge type of characterizing individuals started. Social definition has been estimated in various structures; from asking individuals which class they believe they have a place in with utilizing a person’s postcode. The two most utilized measures are both dependent on occupation. The Registrar General’s Standard Occupation Classification (SC) and the Socio-Economic Groups (SEG). The SC started in has been in the evaluation since 1901 and depends on a person’s occupation which will can be categorized as one of six classes: Professional, Intermediate, Skilled (Non-Manual/Manual), Partly Skilled and Unskilled. This is an ordinal measure that positions occupation, by aptitude and social standing. The SEG is comprised of 17 distinct classes and would in actuality spread all projections of business, house specialist, understudy and so forth. This is an ostensible measure that positions occupation by work status ( Anon, n.d). The SC has qualities just as shortcomings with its utilization. It is a basic framework with effectively generalizable classifications. This framework is likewise valuable when needing to analyze the adjustments in occupations held over some stretch of time. Be that as it may, this framework doesn't seem to aggregate individuals it concentrates more on the occupation. Another issue with this framework is that the classes don't think about the distinctions in salary between specific occupations. The SEC likewise has a few qualities and shortcomings to its unwavering quality in estimating class. Its fundamental quality is that it has a more extensive scope of classes for individuals to consider, anyway its greatest shortcoming is that is still neglects to recognize certain individuals, for example, ladies, understudies and the jobless (Sociology Org, 2013). Having more than one method of estimating social class has caused numerous issues. As occupations have changed significantly throughout the years there are numerous issues with the manner in which the SC and the SEG estimates class. The greatest of the issues is that they are not intended to gauge the occupations of ladies, housewives, understudies or even the jobless satisfactorily. In spite of the fact that this will by and large be the most dependable as individuals will acknowledge what is advised to them by an administration body, for example, the Registrar General. In 1994 an administration survey of social groupings occurred with the expect to audit the unwavering quality of utilizing occupation to quantify social class, to audit the social class classifications and to evaluate the adequacy of the progressions made. These progressions occurred in 1998 and another grouping framework, NS-SEC, was presented starting in the 2001 evaluation (Anon, n.d). This change made to the manner in which occupation is estimated comes in eight classifications to remember the distinctions for set areas. The classes of the NS-SEC are: higher administrative and experts, lower administrative and experts, middle of the road occupations (administrative, deals and administrations), little bosses and own record laborers, lower administrative and specialized occupations, semi-routine occupations, routine occupations and never worked or long haul jobless (Wikipedia, 2013). References Anon. (n.d) Definition and Measurement of Social Class [online]. Accessible from: http://www.uwic.ac.uk/shss/dom/newweb/classdefinition/Difficulties.htm [Last Accessed Jan 2014]. Anon. (n.d) Social definition [online]. Accessible from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1sqi=2ved=0CDAQkA4oADAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnetweb.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fs%3Dsocial%2520stratificationei=TIw5U6OlM6viywP42IIIusg=AFQjCNFPiQoB3wnfTRpv0MM_X4Pr_XWEMwsig2=f2pVumGz7bpiGO8bUQIBnQ [Last Accessed Jan 2014]. Burton, J. (2013) Class and Stratification [class hand-out]. Access to Social Science: Class and Stratification, Northampton College. Nov 2013. Human science Org. (2013) Measuring Social Class [online]. Accessible from: http://www.sociology.org.uk/s3a.pdf [Last Accessed Jan 2014]. Sparkle Notes. (n.d) Social Stratification and Inequality [online]. Accessible from: http://www.sparknotes.com/humanism/social-separation and-imbalance/section3.rhtml [Last Accessed Jan 2014]. Wikipedia. (2013) National Statistics Socio-monetary Classification [online]. Accessible from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Socio-economic_Classification [Last Accessed Jan 2014]. Wikipedia. (2014) Social Stratification [online]. Accessible from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratification [Last Accessed Jan 2014]. Reference index Anon. (2010) What does â€Å"Social Stratification† mean? [Online]. Accessible from: https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100529054226AAF1wY9 [Last Accessed Jan 2014]. Unlimited. (n.d) Social Stratification [online]. Accessible from: https://www.boundless.com/humanism/definition/social-separation/[Last Accessed Jan 2014]. Iiser (n.d) NSSEC [online]. Accessible from: https://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/chronicles/nssec [Last Accessed Jan 2014]. Rose, D. Pevalin, D. (2010) Re-putting together the NS-SEC with respect to SOC2010 [online]. Accessible from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1ved=0CC8QFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fguide-method%2Fclassifications%2Fcurrent-standard-classifications%2Fsoc2010%2Frebasing-the-ns-sec-on-soc2010.pdfei=MNI5U7nYCujOygO0-4Jousg=AFQjCNGQRPlUIA8sgVVcnseWNnreDM-o-Asig2=gpMzKE9XFYtaHKlPa4trYgcad=rja [Last Accessed Jan 2014]. Human science Guide. (n.d) Questions on Social Stratification [online]. Accessible from: http://www.sociologyguide.com/questions/social-stratification.php [Last Accessed Jan 2014].

Jeffersons Views on Education essays

Jeffersons Views on Education papers Thomas Jefferson accepted that all inclusive training would need to go before widespread testimonial. The uninformed, he contended, were unequipped for self-government. In any case, he had significant confidence in the sensibility and assertiveness of the majority and in their aggregate shrewdness when educated. He accepted that the schools should show perusing, composing, and number juggling. Likewise, the youngsters ought to find out about Grecian, roman, English, and American History. Jefferson accepted the country required government funded schools spread around, for every male resident to get free training. By 1789, the main law was passed in Massachusetts to reaffirm the pilgrim laws by which towns were committed to help a school. This law was disregarded. Tuition based schools were opened distinctly to the individuals who could bear to pay them. In the center states strict gatherings opened most schools. Relatively few schools or establishments were opened to the nonwealthy individuals. The ladies, blacks, and Indians couldn't go to class. It was not until the mid 1900s that the Nation started making institutes for females, since government believed that they should have been instructed moms to teach their youngsters. Jefferson had faith in the Republican Mother. Afterward, numerous nineteenth century reformers put stock in the intensity of training to change and recover to discharge a fault or obligation, to repurchase in reverse individuals. Therefore, they produced a developing enthusiasm for Indian Education. Jefferson and his supporters accepted that the Native Americans were respectable savages, they trusted that tutoring the Indians in white culture would elevate to improve the profound, social, or insight condition-the clans. However, the states and nearby government did little to help training. In contrast to the ladies and Indians, blacks had no help by any stretch of the imagination. There were no endeavors to teach subjugated African Americans, for the most part in light of the fact that their proprietor ... <!

An Internship Undertaken At Hyundai Engineering Company - 550 Words

An Internship Undertaken At Hyundai Engineering Company (Coursework Sample) Content: Your nameYour instructorThe course name and numberThe dateINTERNSHIP PROPOSALObjectives of the internship * To enhance my skills in the management of voice and data networks by applying my education in the maintenance of routers, firewalls, wireless access points, performance optimizers and manageable switches in the facility ("Hyundai Engineering Company Ltd") * To use and improve my expertise in database maintenance through the management of application and file servers, windows active server and the occasional installation of new servers. * To better my communication skills by sending reports to the head office in Seoul concerning errors occurring in EDMS and EMS systems before solving the issues according to the recommendations from the head office ("Hyundai Engineering Company Ltd").Expected outcomes 1 Problem Solving.I will apply my problem-solving skills to trouble shoot email errors and the de-activation of email accounts. Additionally, I will detect viruses a nd other malware that cause security threats to the information systems and propose solutions and policies that will prevent any future attacks. 2 Communication.I will use my communication skills to listen to complaints from personnel in the facility, assess them properly to determine the urgency of the problem, prioritize and solve them in the order of their seriousness. I will also communicate with experts in Seoul to obtain instructions on how to solve errors occurring in EDMS and EMS systems. 3 Technology.I will be able to install, maintain and configure various support software that is essential to the needs of the employees of the company on desktops and laptops. The software includes antivirus, windows 10, MS office, EDMS and ERP systems.I will also participate in the installation of servers.Role in the project 1 Installation of support software on company computers including antivirus, windows 10, MS office, EDMS and ERP systems. 2 Maintenance of the company database by supp orting the application and file servers, windows a...

Essay on Concentration Camps for Japanese Americans

During WWII, many Japanese-American citizens were imprisoned. They were imprisoned for being from the Japanese decent. There was no evidence to convict these people but they still were imprisoned. Many Japanese came to the West Coast, which caused Americans some paranoia. Americans thought that the Japanese might be terrorists in disguise. In February of 1942, President Roosevelt ordered Americans of Japanese to be sent to concentration camps which were located in various areas of the United States. There were many aspects to the imprisonment of the Japanese-Americans such as their life before coming to the camps, the executive order 9066, and what it was like being in the concentration camps. The first aspect to the imprisonment of the†¦show more content†¦FDR gave the military powers to ban any Japanese citizen from a 60 mile wide coastal area. It stretched from Washington to California and eventually reaching southern Arizona. The military was also authorized to transport the citizens to assembly centers in states all in the west coast. The executive order also took a toll on some of the people who were of the Italian or German descent. Though they were arrested too, their punishments were unmeasurable to what was done to the Japanese. Obviously the Japanese were not too fond of the executive order of 9066, many died and were treated very harshly. Though the executive order of 9066 was a big aspect to the imprisonment of the Japanese, so was their life inside the concentration camps. The final aspect to the imprisonment of the Japanese was their lives in the concentration camps. One of the camps that was built was known as the Gila River Relocation Center. It was located in Arizona. There were about 13,000 people in this one camp. The camps were fenced and in each fence there were different blocks. The people in the camps dealt with many hardships. The camp was located in the desert so they were exposed to unbearable temperatures. The meals they ate consisted of fruits and vegetables that were grown on the land. Some died in the camp because of not being provided withShow MoreRelatedJapanese Americans in American Concentration Camps783 Words   |  3 Pagesmind is the Jewish people kept in Concentration Camps throughout the Holocaust, this is not it. Japanese-Americans were persecuted due to the fact that they looked like citizens of Japan, who had attacked the United States on December 7th, 1941 at the naval base, Pearl Harbor. This hatred toward the group was due to newspapers creating a scare for the American people, as well as the government restricting the rights of Japanese-Americans. The Japanese-Americans were mistreated during World War IIRead More Pearl Harbor Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesanyone of Japanese ancestry. People began to become paranoid and treated any Japanese person with great disrespect. All of this started with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. After the attack, many Japanese people were sent to concentration camps. Many of them were either put in jail because of their race, or just because they refused to go to the concentration camps. This also happened in David Guterson’s fiction book, Snow Falling on Cedars. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese citizensRead MoreInternsment And Japanese Internment Camps750 Words   |  3 PagesClaim- For years, people have argued over whether Japanese Internment camps( interment means putting a person in prison or other kind of detention, generally in wartime. During World War II, the American government put Japanese-Americans in internment camps, fearing they might be loyal to Japan.) are an Americanized version of concentration camps. Some say that the Japanese Internment camps were just as brutal and inhumane as concentration camps in Nazi Germany. Others will tell you they were completelyRead MoreJapanese Internment Camps Were The Uprising Of World War II1510 Words   |  7 PagesJapanese American internment camps were the uprising of World War II. Numerous internment camps were created across the United States when the Japanese killed thousands of Americans in the Pearl Harbor bombings. Because of this, all Japanese people were forced to evacuate their homes throughout the United States; this caused many businesses to shut down. The United States government attempted to cover up these camps by keeping it quiet, but they eventually made their way to the media. Many peopleRead MoreJapan s Attack On Pearl Harbor1236 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the article â€Å"Japan Launches† more than 3,500 Americans were killed or wounded during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Most people say that the attack on Pearl Harbor is what brought the U.S. into World War 2 in the first place. That attack on Pearl Harbor impacted America in a multitude of ways. Japan had reasons to attack the United States; the attack on Pearl Harbor does not only impact the Japanese Americans in the United States, the attack also impacted the United States economy. FirstRead MoreThe Immigration Of Japanese Immigrants1259 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Japanese. Between the late 1800s and early 1900s and agreement was passed, where thousands of Japanese immigrants came to the United States. To employers, this was ideal; as we know employers benefitted from labor immigration, therefore they supported the immigration of Japanese citizens. However, white workers opposed their immigration in fear of lack of jobs. This trend can also be seen with the Mexican immigrants that migrate into the United States. 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There is a strong similarity between the German government who used concentration camps to imprison Jewish people and the U.S. government who interned Japanese Americans. For the Americans, it was thoughtRead MoreJapan s Attack On Pearl Harbor810 Words   |  4 Pages I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: More than 3,500 Americans, including soldiers, sailors, Marines, and civilians, were killed or wounded during the attack on Pearl Harbor (â€Å"Japan Launches†). B. Thesis: Japan has reasons why they chose to attack the United States; the attack on Pearl Harbor impacts Japanese Americans in the United States and the United States economy. II. Body A. Reasons why Japan chose to attack the United States 1. USA forces Japan to interact with other countriesRead MoreUnited States Women s Histories1304 Words   |  6 PagesValerie. Japanese American Women during World War II. Frontiers: A Journal of Women s Studies 8 (1984): 6-14. Topic and Questions: What is the author s topic and what questions does she attempt to answer? That is describe, who, what, when, and where. The author should explain her topic and questions in the first few pages of her article (Limit 200 words). Valerie Matsumoto talks about the time in history during the second world war when America removed over 100,000 American Japanese citizens

Descartes Meditations Ontological Argument Essay

Descartes Meditations Ontological Argument Descartess fifth Meditation argument for Gods existence relies on an untenable notion that existence is a perfection and that it can be predicated of God. I shall first explain what Descartess argument for Gods existence is, and then present his argument in propositional form. I will then attempt to support the argument that existence is neither a perfection nor a predicate of God. In our thoughts we apprehend ideas of things. These ideas may reside entirely within our thoughts or they may exist independent of our considerations of them (Descartes 143). Descartes argues that the idea of God is that He is infinite substance [eternal, immutable], independent, all-knowing,†¦show more content†¦Existence, therefore, should more properly be thought of as a prerequisite for perfection and not a perfection in and of itself. Descartes disagrees however, and in his reply to Gassendi he argues that existence is necessarily predicated of God because existence is a part of the true essence of any perfect being (Plantinga 49). For Descartes, it is not possible for us to possess the idea of a most perfect being if this being lacks the most important characteristic of existence. If God did not exist then He would not be the most perfect being, but we clearly have the idea of the most perfect being so therefore He must exist. The problem with this notion, however, is that Descartes begs the question by building into premise (2) the concept of a perfect being which has yet to be demonstrated. In order to demonstrate Gods existence, Descartes should not assume, or presuppose, that which he is attempting to conclude. But by predicating the existence of God in (2) he has already concluded that which is later restated in the conclusion. In effect, the follower of Descartess argument is tricked, for if he or she agrees with the foundational premises for the sake of the argument (that existence is predicated of a most perfect being), then there is no choice left but to conclude that God exists. Further, predicating the existence of a most-perfect being based upon the attributes that this being is believed to possess fails to provide existence toShow MoreRelatedDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1712 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) contains six Meditations. In the first two of these Descartes addresses doubt and certainty. By the end of the second Meditation Descartes establishes the possibility of certainty by concluding that he is a â€Å"thinking thing† and that this is beyond doubt. Having established the possibility of certainty, Descartes attempts to prove the existence of God. The argument he presents in the Third Meditation for the existence of God has been nicknamed theRead MoreDescartes Fourth Meditation On The Existence Of God1382 Words   |  6 PagesIn Descartes’ Fifth Meditation, he delivers an argument that has come to be known as the Ontological Argument. It is here that Descartes argues fo r the existence of God, through a priori reasoning. In order to understand both the strengths and weakness of this argument, I will first break it down into its main premises. From here, I will argue that despite the simplicity and use of reasoning in the argument, the weaknesses outweigh the strengths, and ultimately that the argument fails. To allow forRead MoreThe Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1509 Words   |  7 Pages Descartes’ ontological argument is an echo of the original ontological argument for the existence of God as proposed by St. Anselm in the 11th century. To illustrate the background of the ontological argument, Anselm’s argument works within a distinct framework of ontology that posits the existence of God as necessity by virtue of its definition. In other words, for the mind to conceive of an infinite, perfect God, ultimately implies that there must indeed be a perfect God that embodies existenceRead MoreDescartes Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1302 Words   |  6 PagesShields Word Count: 10/30/2014 Descartes’ Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The Ontological Argument for the existence of God is an a priori argument that aims to demonstrate that God’s real-world existence follows necessarily from the concept of God. In Meditation V of Discourse on Methods and Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes presents his version of the Ontological Argument for the existence of God. In this essay, I will argue that this argument fails because necessary existenceRead MoreEssay about Ontological Argument Critique 857 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophical argument that has mystified philosophers since the age of the ‘Enlightenment.’ Many of the different arguments put forth and analysed though, have not adequately proven God’s existence. Although in order to move forward, failed arguments must be studied to ensure that mistakes are not repeated. One such argument is the Ontological Argument. This argument was first recorded by St. Anslem (1033-1109). Descartes adapts this argument in the fifth meditation in ‘Meditations on First PhilosophyRead MoreA Brief Look at Rene Descartes829 Words   |  3 Pages Rene Descartes was a brilliant man who came up with many inventions and thoughts to put in people’s minds and let them ponder off and question life in itself. In one of the many things Rene Descartes created, he wrote a book called Discourse on the Method and Meditations. Descartes discusses how there are two main proofs of God’s existence, the casual argument in meditation three and the ontological argument in meditation five. There are a few differences between these two meditations and one isRead MoreWilliam Robertson Smith, A Scottish Orientalist, Old Testament1692 Words   |  7 Pagesview on this argument would be Rene Descartes who says, I think therefore I am. This assertion has come to be known as the cogito. Descartes struggled with a problem that is now called â€Å"the problem of knowing,† and sometimes referred to as the â€Å"brain in a vat† dilemma. The idea is that the brain is easy to fool. The only way a person knows what he experiences of reality is the truth is by trusting in the sensory inputs of his own brain. One would agree with the arguments made by Descarte due to: theRead MoreArguments For The Existence Of God1137 Words   |  5 PagesArguments for the existence of God come in many different forms; some draw on history, some on science, some on personal experience, and some on philosophy. Descartes offered two arguments towards the existence of God: an informal proof in the third meditation and the ontological proof in the fifth meditation. Descartes believed that with the employment of a rational method of inquiry which applied some of the methods of analytic geometry to the study of philosophy, our ability to attain certaintyRead MoreThe Role of God in Descartes Epistemology1356 Words   |  5 Pagesepistemology. Throughout this essay, I aim to critically examine the role of God in Descartes’ epistemology. Renà © Descartes’ epistemological contribution to western philosophy attempted to inaugurate a coherent method of questioning whereby knowledge of the world is attained independently of the authority of the Church or Bible. Strangely enough this separation had no intention on removing god from our lives or minds. Descartes’ project was to prove the existence of God, and to establish that only God canRead MoreDescartes Cosmological And Ontological Arguments Are Well1455 Words   |  6 Pages Descartes Cosmological and Ontological arguments are well organized and are perceived as valid. However, these arguments may be found valid only if we follow the rules of Descartes premises through deductive reasoning. The soundness of Descartes Ontological and Cosmological arguments are questioned in this paper as I argue against Descartes axioms. Descartes bases his proofs of God on specific propositions and his own claims of knowledge. The lack of proof behind his premises is why I cannot except

Strategic Management D and L Industries

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management for D and L Industries. Answer: Recognition of an organisation DL Industries is a company in Filipino which was incorporated on July 27, 1971 which deal in customization and they particularly has a specialisation for the food, plastic, soaps, detergents and other aerosol industries. The main revenue generation comes from manufacturing of the food products and it manufactures materials needed for making plastics and other chemicals necessary for general and personal use. It also provides goods and services through some model. It is now mounting its forte products or we can as expanding the business with some of its special portfolio of products with two big Australian food companies. The company has a top built relationship with the Philippines end user and chemical companies (DL industries, 2012). Corporation A corporation is been said as a company or a cluster of people acting as a single entity or can be said as legal person with proper recognition in law having rights and obligations of a normal individual but with the characteristic of a company that is restricted liabilities and succession. The corporations which are registered and the shareholders of the company and they owe them with the liability restriction up to their investment in the company. Mc Donalds Corporation is an example of the most known corporation in the world. It can also be said as union of employers and employees in an industry and represents politically in a state. Corporations are established as it enables an individual to invest money without any fear of loosen money. Corporation tends to enable investors to use their own money with a deduction in any further liability. Any revenue generation in the company would lead to sharing of profit between the investors and the maximum loss that can be bearded is the in itial money put in to the corporation (What is a corporation?, 2016). Product portfolio It is the gathering of all the products or services in which the company deals and generates revenue. It is the best mix of the products to offer to the people .It also includes planning plotting .The baseline proposition is that comparison the perpendicular combination and have a strategically outsourcing in the quest to diminish integration gives a success to product portfolio of the company. Product portfolio can be managed only be group of person having good managerial capability. A company gives variety of products in the market, which tends to provide certain amount of investment and the duties of the managers are to maintain how the portfolio should be maintained depending on the ratio of the product in the portfolio to generate huge profits to the company (Cooper, 1999) Service Portfolio Everybody in this world wants to have a backup and wants to diversify. The industrial manufacturers around the world have also arranged in providing services along with the product portfolios to have a great growth opportunities and competition. It is a storehouse of all the information for all the services of the corporation. It includes all the services that is not there or what has been retired previously and watt is up to in near time. Identification of business units The Company in cooperation with its subsidiaries operates in four different units Food and other ingredient unit Colorants and plastic additive segment Oleo chemicals resins and units of power coatings Aerosols segment Management and administrative segment Business unit Due to change in surroundings and the competition, which is, almost everywhere, the social mental, political pressures as there are so many companies existing and every time they tend to bring new marketing strategies to survive in the market and letting out other companies to drive out. After all this, they have adapted a new technique and the growing business will be known as strategic businesses units. Example is the senior authorities decide that the products will be allocated to the product managers and they will individually pay attention to each of their products. Their main motive is to manage the profit and loss arising, so it concludes that they are managing a product based business unit. They are just considered as a component of a company. They can just be a single product or just a brand. Every business unit, which has growth opportunities, needs to be reorganised every year (Ionescu, n.d.). The products of the units and the services are as follow:- In the food segment the different products are fats and oils and other food items In the plastic segment, there are a line of pigment blends and other polymers for the applications(moorthy, 1984) In resins and powder units, they have products like coconut methyl Easter and other chemicals originated from vegetable oils, resins such as polystyrene and a series of powder coatings. Aero sis unit which manufactures cans and components and supplies aerosol filling Management and administrative segment providing goods and services through some appropriate model. Product line Product lines are different types of products, which are interconnected to each other and are grouped under a single brand. It very important a product to be steady so that the customers have a good understanding of all of it. For example, HUL, which delivers, soaps biscuits shampoo under one brand. Another example is Maybelline, which sells lipsticks, concealer, and foundation under one brand. It has an advantage on just maintaining one brand name and gaining advantage. The main base is that the products should be interrelated to the main product to be successful .Example is that IBM is incurring heavy loss in selling the computers as the product is not interrelated. The disadvantage is on the retail shelf and other manufacturing considerations that occur .Product lines help the industries to manage their products better and the strategy are designed around a single product and more attention can be paid. A term called Product line stretching comes in to picture when there is a new addition in the brand and the product is either of low quality or very high and thus the stretching happened either downward or upward (Gilbert, 1993). Service line It is said to be a structure which is modern and can be allocated for any business type. For example in simple terms, an employee has several persons to report until he finally report the owner of the company. Revenue Revenue centres Revenue centres are the centres that gains revenue by the sale of the product or the services that is provided. The revenue centre is the aerosol centre the food centre (Ailawadi, 2003). Identification of greatest revenue D L Industries manufactures food and other varieties of food had the strongest sales in the first three months of 2015 in both the special products and commodities. The company is also getting involved in new product innovation as per the prediction this product will generate good revenues. The commodity revenues are increasing by 34 percent year to year. The highest revenue generation was the special products of food ingredients. Oleo fats also contributed to good revenue (Morales, 2012). Generalising the high margin speciality products contributed to 59 percent in 2014 and 62 percent in 2015 and the low margin commodity products contributed to 41 percent in 2014 and 38 percent in 2015. Next comes the plastics the last three quarters of 2015, they had huge growth in sales. The revenues and net income were seven percent and 4 percent lower than last year. Next comes the aerosols, in this year the sales were much better than 2014 and it includes the high margin items the revenue was 15 percent and the net income was 5 percent. There was good growth in 2015, which was because of the home care and the industrial space. Next comes the oleochemicals, grew the most in 2015 topping the charts and more and more customers are entering new markets. Oleochemicals were allotted 65 percent revenue for the division and more expectation were being formed from the same. The products of personal care like home care products, coconut oil was contributing to good revenues. There was a mu ch higher profit as compared to 2014. Chemicals, which was related to construction, and manufacturing were catering to low revenues. Definition of Revenue Revenue is defined as total amount of money, which is received by the company for its products, or services in a period before any expenses have been deducted. It includes all like selling of products, rendering of services, exchange of assets. There are different types of way a revenue can be identifies. Some companies identify it as accrual way, some on cash basis. Accrual system means the period on which the revenues were earned. It means that revenues can be accounted before cash are being received by the party. Therefore, we can conclude that revenues and cash receipts are completely different and are not interrelated. A business achieves profit only the revenues are greater than expenses. There are two types of revenue falling in to revenue categories that is operating revenues and non-operating revenues. Operating revenues are revenues that is related to the business that is sale of products rendering of services, and other repair revenues. Non-operating revenues contributes t o the company other activities, which is not actually the main business of the company. For example the interest a rent on the investments. Much deduction happens from the revenue like the sales return and other allowances discounts the company offers and other sales taxes. They are listed on the top of the income statement. Net profit or net loss is in the bottom line. There are organisation, which are non-profit based, and they refer revenue as the gross receipts. There are generally four types of revenue in accounting, the sale of goods, providing services, lending fees and investment and other. If we go in to the characteristics of revenue it can be said that (Oxford Dictionaries, 2016). Revenue arises from the normal activities that the company deals with There is no kindness or affection that can measure revenue, only monetary consideration can measure revenue. It is allocated to particular accounting period Non-operating income is not the operating revenue, it is just the money gained from the noncore operations of the business and it is separately noted in the bottom (Baskerville, 1990). External Environmental Analysis Political, economic, social, technological, environment, legal factors of the unit Increase in tax can be great political factor affecting the business due to budget or new law. This is the least predicable of all. Some of the political factors are the tariff control, tax policy etc. There are social factors affecting business are the continuous change in change. This is because the popular social media. The taste changes. Therefore, in food, the consumers need different taste and different varieties. They needs to shop online. Therefore, the products must be listed online as ecommerce is all over. Some of the factors are different life styles different attitude towards saving and investing, different religious and beliefs, the growth rate of population. The legal factors affecting business are the tax system that changes anytime. The trade policies, the politics, and the economic policies that is not stable. The environmental factors are which affect the units are the natural conditions like tsunami or any type of natural calamities that occurs (Merriam, 1828). Definition of Political, economic, social, technological, environment, legal factors Political means affairs, which are related to government, or any public matters .It is related with human affairs (Christensen, 2014). Social means some issues which is related to society and the industries .It is a type of informal assembly, which are organised by members and discuss their issues(caroll, 1991) Economic means the economic matters of the country that exists. It deals with the principles model that affect the market. Technological means the methods or technology that applies .It is like a science and it applies in everyday life to make life easier .It is also said as systematic Environmental means the natural world and the result of its environment conditions it affect industries, individuals and businesses. It means the surrounding. Legal means related to law and which is not illegal. It is connected with law or the administration. Operating environment After doing all the strategic planning, no one has the ability to predict the future but there are certain hints, which can nearly predict the future. The environment forces that are impacting the business they play a very important role .Everything should be taken in to consideration, the most strategic part is to figure out what the recent technologies that matter to the business .Success can only achieve by keeping in mind of the environmental forces .Operating environment is intimidated by many things .It is actually the outside area affecting the business. The examples are the social and cultural shifts, the economic indicators, the new technological trends that are there, the political factors that come and create havoc, globally the market is not static so the global forces that impact the business and also some of the natural issues that take place such as cyclone, tsunami, which cant be predicted and just take place, laws and other activities that take place and other market social economic trends. (olsen, 2016) Sources of Sustainable competitive Advantage Sustainable competitive advantage of the unit Sustainable competitive advantage is that position that the company develops in specific products or overall and they could easily outstand their competitors. The sources are:- Strong research and development capabilities:- It is very important to have a good research and development capability in order to grow. There should be innovation as there was in the food industry. There were new products involving within it. Possession of capital equipments It is very important to have capital equipments to grow as in the case of aerosol they are hiring equipments in manufacturing and construction Very Strong marketing strategy The full crux of the business is marketing. Good marketing leads to good competitive advantage and it is the reasons people spend on marketing and advertising so much and the DL industries is focussing on that Excellent team and management A good team is very important to gain advantage over other companies as it creates opportunities. Other sources are the economic factors, which prevail at that point of time, and the low cost and high amount of production is responsible. Information technology is also a great source as more information about the products can lead to better operations of the product (NingHe, 2012). Factors of sustainable competitive advantage Sustainable competitive advantage is that position that the company develops in specific products or overall and they could easily outstand their competitors. Sustainable competitive is different from competitive advantage as the first one deal with long-term survival. Therefore, we can conclude that Sustainable competitive advantage can be intact in the market after facing competition or the presence of competition. It enables any business to grow and survive A firm can achieve sustainable competitive advantage by enabling strategies that enable exploiting their internal strengths. It can only attain when he can be effective and efficient in comparison with its competitors. It is also necessary that the strategies adopted must not be inherited by the competitors and cannot be duplicate by them. (Iyiola, 2016). The four factors are- It should be perfectly imitable That the strategies must be rare among the firm competition It must be valuable and it should be exploitable threats in the surrounding The substitutes for the resources should not be easily available Company must be ready to invest in heavy machinery equipments and other capital investment, and it is only possible when the company is properly secured financial conditions(Dyer, 1996) . How does the company plan their resources, make alternatives is equally important (Oliver, 1997). Strategic Direction Future Strategic Direction of the unit During the meeting of the company shareholders, the DL officer termed D L industries that it is going to innovate many of its products. He also said that the new products would be the reason of the growth that will take place in the past or in the near time. The directions are with the innovation of lot of products there will be more profit and high margin. We should concentrate on Price earnings ratio a higher PE ratio will automatically reflect high growth (DL industries, 2012). The future directions that can be implied are: Enables risk to be managed more efficiently and effectively and there should be lessening of losses Risk management is the overall management of the company. Less risk and less losses ensures more growth and prosperity (DL industries, 2012). There should be harmonization of intellectual property. It should grow the implications of the technologies and should incorporate corporate social responsibility in their companies. There should be stock dividend rather equity sales. The strategies should be growth and it should be research oriented. The direction is to ensure to that the reputation for the quality and value should be at its peak. There should be enough leadership in the market through experience and better performance. A better performance can only be generated through better employee satisfaction. At the end, the assets are the employees. They work together to achieve the goal. Definition of Strategic direction It is said as the amalgamation of the mission the vision and the ethics and values that define the organisation. We can say that paying the employees high salary is a vision a company sees ,an a person who takes one look and guarantees her is a strategy. Strategy means the actions to achieve the goal of a business. All the three components that is the vision the task and the strategy and combining the values of ethics. A good strategic direction identifies the weakness and the strengths of the industry and the possible threats the organisation can suffer(Crouch, 2014). Frankly speaking, strategic direction has an involvement of leaders who are focussing on their strategies and by this; they develop strategic goals and give a good portfolio to the investors. It acts as a governance. Without this, it is very difficult to ensure that the projects are actually complying with the rules and regulation of the strategy made and will actually generate value to the business. A strategy in todays world is very important to achieve as it gives a certain path to the business and gives a crux to the people associated with the business that what the business is actually about. It serves as aroid map with which provides us the objectives an all the resources and criteria needed to fulfil the objective. Every single area needs to properly versioned to ensure better growth of the company (Regan, 2016). Conclusion We conclude that there should be a product portfolio comprising all the products so that it is easy for the customers to choose and the entire service portfolio should be maintained. The units should have appropriate products accordingly. This product is the main source of revenue and generates growth of the business. There are various threats that occur in the business such as legal physical political threat and proper measures are taken to handle them. It is very important to handle the external as well as internal environment. To gain success over other it is important to have advantage over other and this is where the competitive advantage comes in to picture. It is very important to gain this to avail long-term growth. Proper decisions should be taken so that the company does not go directionless and maintain prosperity. References Christensen, T., Laegreid, P. (2014). Trust in Government: The relative importance of service satisfaction, political factors and demography. Public performance and management review. 28(4), 487-511. Gaba, D. M., DeAnda, A. (1988). A comprehensive anesthesia simulation environment: recreating the operating room for research and training. Europe PMC. 69(3), 387-394. Regan, N., Ghobadian, A. (2004). The importance of capabilities for strategic direction and performance. Management Decision. 42(2), 292 313. Crouch, B. (2014). Strategies to create a more static board. CSAE. Oliver, C. (1997). Sustainable competitive advantage: combining institutional and resource based views. Strategic management journal. 18(9), 697-713. Dyer, H. J., Singh, H. (1996). The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage. Academy of management. 23(4), 660-679. Iyiola, O. (2016). Sustainability of competitive advantage: a must for every firms. Academia. NingHe. (2012). How to Maintain Sustainable Competitive Advantages-----Case Study on the Evolution of Organizational Strategic Management. International Journal of Business Administration. 3(5), 45. Olsen, E. (2016). SWOT analysis: finding oppurtunities in your operating environment. Dummies. Carroll, B. A. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons. 34(4), 39-48. DL Industries expands product portfolio with Australian partners 2012, DL industries, viewed 2012, https://dnl.com.ph/index.php/news-events/7-d-l-industries-expands-product-portfolio-with-australian-partners. What is a Corporation?, Legal zoom, https://www.legalzoom.com/knowledge/corporation/topic/what-is-a-corporation. Cooper, G.R., Edgett, J.S., Kleinschmidt, J.E. (1999). New Product Portfolio Management: Practices and Performance. Product innovation management. 16(4), 333-351. Ionescu, T. F. (n.d.). Strategic Business Unit The Central Element Of The Business Portfolio Strategic Planning Process. RePEc. Revenue. (2016). Oxford dictionaries Baskerville, P. (1990). What is revenue in accounting?. Saylor. 1-4. Merriam 1828, Political. Merriam Webster, viewed 1828, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/political. Moorthy, S.K. (1984). Market Segmentation, Self-Selection, and Product Line Design. Marketing Science. 288-307. Gilbert, J.R., Matutes, C. (1993). Product Line Rivalry with Brand Differentiation. The journal of industrial economics. 41(3), 223-240 Aliwadi, L.K., Lehmann, R.D., Neslin, A.S. (2003). Revenue Premium as an Outcome Measure of Brand Equity. AMA journals. 67(4), 1-17. Morales, C.J.N 2012, DL Industries earns 20% more in Q1. DL industries, viewed 2012, https://dnl.com.ph/index.php/news-events/45-d-l-industries-earns-20-more-in-q1.

wordsworth Essays - British Poetry, I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud

One day the speaker is purposelessly walking around like a cloud in the sky with no purpose but to float around. He happens to stumble across a beautiful field that is filled with daffodils that is alongside a lake. He says that the flowers are dancing and moving in such a way that captivates him. The lake moves in a marvelous way that makes him just stop and stare. Both the lake and the flowers move in a way that is so seamless he can?t take his eyes off it. The lake is beautiful but the flowers look so happy. He believes that a poet couldn?t but be intoxicated in the company of the flowers. He didn?t envision that the flowers would be such a treasure that he would keep for a long time. That whenever he felt like a bottomless pit and his life was going wrong he could just remember the flowers and everything would be all right. He exemplifies a time when he was aimlessly walking around in a pasture like a single cloud in the sky that looks like and outcast. ?I wandered lonely as a cloud that floats on high o'er vales and hills? (Wordsworth). Then out of nowhere he sees a field of flowers that is as far as the eye can see moving as beautiful as anything he has come across before in the breeze. In the following stanza he starts to really describe the flowers in great detail. ?Continuous as the stars that shine and twinkle on the Milky Way they stretched in never-ending line? (Wordsworth). He pronounces its beauty in a way that makes it so picturesque so you can envision its beauty. They make him think of the Milky Way the way they are packed so tightly together.it seems like it will go on for eternity. Then he goes on to say he believes there could be about ten thousand flowers right in front of him. Then he uses personification that the flowers are dancing like they have a sprit in them that is actually maki ng them move. The next stanza is about comparing and contrasting the flowers and the lake. Even though they are both elegant and touching he believes that the flowers give of a vibe that is happy while the lake is just glittery and shiny. He goes on to say that like himself a poet couldn?t contain his joy in the company of such elegance and beauty. He stared for a long time trying to comprehend the significance of what looking would give to him. ?They flash upon that inward eye which is the bliss of solitude? (Wordsworth).In the final stanza he talks about when he finally comprehends it. He learns that it was afterwards when he was alone and depressed that he thought on that time in the pasture and it made his heart just melt. That experience gave him what he has never been able to see as a poet and now he can use it to his advantage whenever something goes wrong or makes him sorrowful.

Easy Guide to Making Lesson Plans for Adult Students

Easy Guide to Making Lesson Plans for Adult Students Lesson plans for adult education arent difficult to design. Follow these easy steps and see how effective you can be. Every good course design begins with a needs assessment. For our purposes here, we’re going to assume you’ve completed this assessment and you understand what your students need and what your objectives are for the course you’re designing. If you don’t know your objectives, you’re not ready to design your course. Like any gathering of people for any reason, it’s good to begin at the beginning and address who is there, why they’ve gathered, what they hope to accomplish, and how they’ll accomplish it. Welcome and Introduction Build in 30 to 60 minutes at the opening of your class to conduct introductions and review your objectives and agenda. Your beginning will look something like this: Greet participants as they arrive.Introduce yourself and ask participants to do the same, giving their name and sharing what they expect to learn from the class. This is a good time to include an icebreaker that loosens people up and makes them feel comfortable sharing.Try a fun classroom introduction for the first day of school.Write their expectations on a flip chart or whiteboard.State the objectives of the course, explaining why certain expectations on the list either will or won’t be met.Review the agenda.Review housekeeping items: where the restrooms are, when the scheduled breaks are, that people are responsible for themselves and should take a restroom break early if they need one. Remember, you’re teaching adults. Module Design Divide your material into 50-minute modules. Each module will contain a warm up, a short lecture or presentation, an activity, and a debriefing, followed by a break. At the top of each page in your teacher’s guide, note the time needed for each section and the corresponding page in the student’s workbook. Warm Up Warm-ups are short exercises (5 minutes or shorter) that get people thinking about the topic you are about to cover. It can be a game or simply a question. Self-assessments make good warm-ups. So do icebreakers. For example, if you’re teaching learning-styles, a learning-style assessment would be a perfect warm up. Lecture Keep your lecture to 20 minutes or less if possible. Present your information in full, but remember that adults generally stop retaining information after about 20 minutes. They will listen with understanding for 90 minutes, but with retention for only 20. If you’re preparing a participant/student workbook, include a copy of the primary learning points of your lecture, and any slides you’re planning to use. It’s good for students to take notes, but if they have to furiously write everything, down, you’re going to lose them. Activity Design an activity that gives your students an opportunity to practice what they just learned. Activities that involve breaking into small groups to complete a task or to discuss an issue are good ways to keep adults engaged and moving. It is also a perfect opportunity for them to share the life experience and wisdom they bring to the classroom. Be sure to build in opportunities to take advantage of this wealth of relevant information. Activities can be personal assessments or reflections that are worked on quietly and independently. Alternatively, they can be games, role play, or small group discussions. Choose your activity based on what you know about your students and on the content of your class. If you are teaching a hands-on skill, hands-on practice is a great option. If you are teaching a writing skill, a quiet writing activity may be the best choice.   Debriefing After an activity, it’s important to bring the group back together and have a general discussion about what was learned during the activity. Ask for volunteers to share reactions. Ask for questions. This is your chance to make sure the material was understood. Allow for 5 minutes. It doesn’t take long unless you discover that learning hasn’t happened. Take a 10-minute Break It’s important to get adult students up and moving every hour. This takes a bite out of your available time, but it’ll be well worth it because your students will be far more attentive when the class is in session, and you’ll have fewer interruptions from people who have to excuse themselves. Tip While breaks are important, it’s crucial that you manage them well and begin again precisely on time, regardless of stragglers, or chatter will get carried away. Students will learn quickly that class begins when you said it would, and you’ll gain the respect of the entire group. Evaluation End your courses with a short evaluation to determine whether or not your students found the learning valuable. Emphasis on the short. If your evaluation is too long, students wont take the time to complete it. Ask a few important questions: Were your expectations of this course met?What would you have liked to learn that you didnt?What was the most helpful thing you learned?Would you recommend this class to a friend?Please share comments about any aspect of the day. This is just an example. Choose questions that are relevant to your topic. Youre looking for answers that will help you improve your course in the future.

American Government and politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

American Government and politics - Essay Example Presidential speeches are dynamically recorded online in which individuals can discuss their opinions on. Furthermore, networks such as CNN and even white house are on twitter. Although this may seem risky, it allows the government to convey their message and benefit from these avenues of social networking. Law exists because it is critical for human existence. It is in human nature to engage in constant warfare. When law is implemented and citizens give up their rights to a sovereign ruler, things seem to be in harmonious manner. When someone violates the law, they are imprisoned for their actions. Prison and fines are the common ways punishing individuals who don’t abide with the law. Congress and the government makes the law to secure the freedom for the citizens of America. However, the process of laws being enacted is a long due process which can be often frustrating not to mention the rivalry that exists between Republicans and Democrats. Select ONE of the following scenarios  for the assigned chapters and complete the Critical Analysis questions.   Your written response must be at least 100 words in support of your position on the questions.   Be sure to note the chapter number and feature in your response. The concept of Shariah laws is complicated that are handled carefully with Islamic scholars. The shariah insists that a person must say the word â€Å"talaaq,† which means divorce in order to obtain that talaaq. If a person says this three times to a same person, he is not allowed to marry her every as the marriages becomes null. The problem is the fact that when men just write the word divorce instead of saying it. In essence, does it become valid if a person does it through texting or email? Indeed, Islamic jurists have pondered upon that issue. Recently though, the Saudi courts have upheld this issue and said that divorce through texting should be upheld. Freedom of expression is

International Relations College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Relations College - Essay Example Two such people are economist Amatya Sen and medical anthropologist Paul Farmer. Their experiences and observations regarding the state of the poor and deprived people today inspired the two authors to write and publish their works that they hope will enlighten the people of the world. Amatya Sen's composition is entitled 'Development as Freedom' while Farmer had 'Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor'. Both works reveal how deep the deterioration of society has reached. In the two compositions, we hear of true life stories that detail how many of our kind are suffering and how some had their life cut short unnecessarily. Sen calls for social development as a way to give the people the freedom to develop their selves and contribute to the development of society in general. He emphasizes the need to pursue enhanced literacy, accessible and affordable health care, the empowerment of women, and the free flow of information because these are the ingredients which will ultimately deliver us the kind of development we envision. In the course of his medical practice, Farmer came to know of the many tragedies afflicting other people. In his book, we come to know of the Haitian girl who gave herself to the whims of a soldier who she hoped would rescue her and her family from poverty. In the end, however, she only acquired AIDS from the soldier. Farmer relates how petty criminals die in Russian prison, how many people die of tuberculosis and how many people could have been saved if only social institutions were willing to give a little more. The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the two works. I will be determining the similarities and differences in their ideas and their treatments of the subject. 2.0 Similarities The most striking similarity between Sen and Farmer is their exposition of the ills of society particularly that of the deprivation of basic necessities. So many people in the world today suffer from ignorance, disease and death because they were not afforded the opportunity to develop themselves. Some of them were even intentionally left in that state due to certain beliefs that actually contain hidden motives. Both authors wanted people to know the affliction that is surreptitiously killing many of our kind. Both authors criticize the existing system of society today due to its complacency towards addressing the plight of millions of people of the world. Sen, for example, attacks the belief system that human rights violation is inherent in Asian culture. According to him, such a system was fabricated to justify authoritarians and totalitarian regimes that hide under the guise of leaders and reformers. In any case, this should not serve as an excuse to deprive the people of the freedom to live their life to the fullest. The main problem in the system that characterize the government and other sectors of society today is that they have become engrossed with "identifying development with the growth of gross national product, or with the rise in personal incomes, or with industrialization, or with technological advance, or with social modernization" when they should have given more importance to "social and economic arrangements (for example, facilities for education and health

Report on Primary School Essay Example for Free

Report on Primary School Essay Drop-out problem is not caused by any single reason, in fact, a whole lot of different factors work behind it. These factors are also inter-related to each other and therefore one factor influences many other factors. For example, poverty has inter-linkages with many other factors that influences drop-out like quality of education, parental attitude etc. Poverty also has intra linkages with facts like direct cost, indirect cost and opportunity cost of schooling, early pressure for marriage. As poverty is one of the major reasons behind drop-out, it has various linkages with most of the other problems. Although primary education is declared as tuition-free, there are many direct costs like exam fees, enrollment fee; certain amount from the stipend money is also taken for various reasons. These expenses become a big problem for the poor households and it influences dropping out because when survival is the issue, things like education is less important. Another problem was the hidden costs of schooling that are clothes, pen and paper, etc. all of the 12 samples and their parents said that buying clothes, pen and papers was a huge problem for them. All of the parents said that as they are poor people, these extra costs of schooling are unbearable to them. Almost all of 12 dropouts have missed school frequently due to failure in obtaining these articles. They feared that they will be punished if they go to school without pen or paper. Teachers said that children who come to school without pen or paper cause a lot of trouble because they are unable to do any class work and disturb the other students. So they are given punishment. The opportunity costs of schooling include chore time, sibling care and foregone earnings of children. The opportunity costs of educating children are higher in poor families because these families rely more on each member to contribute to the family’s economic survival. Girls and women are the unpaid household labourers. All of the 6 female samples’ labour in the household is an economic necessity because it frees others to earn outside. All of them had to do important works like collecting water and firewood, washing utensils, helping in cooking and taking care of siblings. Dropouts who belonged to large families, less earning members and unstable income due to illness of earning members had to do wage work for  cash. All of the female samples told that they had worked in rich households as domestic helps when their family needed cash or could not afford a satisfactory meal. It is difficult for poor families to afford the opportunity cost of schooling because the contribution of their child’s labour at household work or earning is essential at certain times for the survival of their families. All of these direct, hidden and opportunity costs are intra-linked with poverty, which causes poor attendance rate. This encourages dropping-out as the school terms clash with the agricultural cycle and those who miss school over several weeks drop behind, teachers withdraw their books and they are disqualified for stipend, as a result, they ultimately abandon school. Poverty is interlinked with quality of education as poor families cannot afford private tuitions for their children. Apart from a few parents most of them were illiterate and they could not give any effective help to their children in their studies. Hence these parents have regarded the need of going to private tuitions as a very urgent one. All the samples agreed that students who took private tuitions performs in the class and does well in exams. All the parents agreed that if the teachers had taught the students well in the class, then the parents would not have to spend extra money to send their children for private tuitions. The parents even said that the teachers do this deliberately to earn money. The students who receive private coaching get promoted to the next class regardless of their results, so they do not get dropped from the PESP receiver’s list. As a result, only the children from solvent families are able to continue their studies. Dropping out due to disqualifying for PESP have been observed in this research amongst those households who sent their children to school after hearing about the PESP. During harvest period, there are many works to be done, so a lot of the children do not go to school. Consequently, many of them fail in the exams as they fail to catch up with the class due to absence. As a result, they get dropped from the PESP receiver’s list. So again the economic factors affect the situation because it can be seen that only the children of the well to do families can receive stipend. This is because since the children of solvent people do not have to work at home, they can attend school regularly and on the other hand, they can attain private lessons by using the money they get from stipend, so they can pass in the exams. Poverty is interlinked to students’ eagerness to learn. As the drop-out children belonged to the poor households they all suffered from certain extent of malnutrition. The samples told that usually they went to school after eating rice, rice crisps, banana, molasses etc and 7 of the children said that very often they had to take insufficient food and so they felt hungry in the class. Some of the children had to do household works and they felt tired and sleepy in the class. All of these children said they found it hard to concentrate in the study. So the eagerness and motivation of the children of the poor households are affected by their economic condition. The irregular and low salary of teachers influences their motivation to teach and forces them to depend on alternative income sources like private tuition. As a result they are obligated to favour their private students which create frustration amongst the other students. These children found school unfriendly and unfair. They become reluctant to attend school and as a result they miss classes and this causes poor performance in exams. All of these factors contributes to disqualifying from stipend program and finally leads to drop-out. Societal reasons are also found to be affecting drop-out of children, especially girls. The people of this village are very pious and they think that school education is the trend of the new age. They think that receiving religious lessons is more important since it will help them in the afterlife. Maximum people think that it is foolish for children of poor people to receive higher education because there are no such job opportunities for them, and the people who have no certainty of their day meal will obviously send their children to work and earn money to run the family, this is reality. Pressure for early marriage is also present as most of the community members agreed that this the safest option for the parents. Incidents of eve teasing were seen and sadly the societal pressure was on the girl as she will earn a bad reputation and her prospect of marriage will be ruined. These types of societal pressures are interlinked with unsupportive parental attitudes, because all parents and especially the poor parents do not have much of a say in the society and they are the most vulnerable ones. So the parents of a girl child prefer marriage over education as that is safest option and also this is what the society expects them to do. So all of these different factors are interlinked with each other which affects dropping out of children. CHAPTER 7: IMPACTS OF PESP 7. 1 BACKGROUND OF PESP. The most notable among the incentive programs undertaken by the government at the primary level were the Food for Education Program (FFE) and the Primary Educational Stipend Program (PESP). The FFE Program was launched in 1993 to increase the enrollment, persistence, and attendance rates of children from landless and very poor families. Forty percent of the children enrolled in primary schools in the targeted poor areas received a monthly allocation of wheat or rice for their family if they attended primary school regularly. To be eligible for receiving the food, the children were to be present at school for 85 percent of classes each month. A sliding scale increased the amount if more than one child per family attended school. Ultimately, the FFE was implemented in 1255 unions, covering 27 percent of the country. The World Bank’s 1998 Poverty Assessment found that the FFE did raise enrollment and attendance rates, and by 2000, the FFE program had covered about 27 percent of all primary schools in Bangladesh. Out of 5. 2 million students enrolled in schools with FFE, about 40 percent received food grains (mostly wheat) through the program. About two million families benefited from the FFE program. But there negative issues related to the FFE program as well. It suffered from high levels of leakage (it cost 1. 59 taka to transfer 1 taka in benefits) and was poorly targeted (50 percent of the beneficiaries came from households above the lower poverty line). Increases in the price of the food commodities in 2001-2002 caused the government of Bangladesh to reduce the amount of food assistance, until the program was discontinued in June 2002. However, universal primary education was still far from achieving. So, a new program, the PESP was introduced. The new Primary Education Stipend Project was designed to provide cash assistance through a stipend program to poor primary school pupils and their families throughout rural Bangladesh. The targeted beneficiaries of the PESP were an estimated 5. 5 million pupils from the poorest households who were enrolled in eligible primary schools in all rural areas of Bangladesh (469 upazillas). In order to qualify for the stipend, selected pupils were to maintain 85 percent monthly attendance and attain a minimum of 50 percent marks on the annual exam administered for each grade. To continue to participate in the program, a school must demonstrate at least 60 percent pupil attendance, and 10 percent of its grade 5 pupils must sit for the Primary School Scholarship Exam. Households of qualifying pupils would receive 100 taka (about $1. 76) per month for one pupil (not to exceed 1200 taka annually) and 125 taka per month for more than one pupil (not to exceed 1500 taka annually). Six designated national banks would disburse the stipends on a quarterly basis to authorized parents/guardians on a pre-determined date at the local bank branch or at a temporary distribution post (â€Å"camp’) established at a convenient location within 5 kilometres of the school site. Stipends would be disbursed to pupils’ parents or legal guardians who present the proper PESP bank-issued identity card. Preferences were to be given to issuing cards to the mothers of the selected pupil. The new features of the PESP were: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Subsidies provided in cash, rather than in kind (as in the FFE Program) would ease transfer to poor recipients and would limit the involvement of school personnel in distribution (FFE required teachers to dole out the wheat and rice). †¢Cost-effectiveness would increase as the government of Bangladesh can offer stipends to more families for the same cost and not be vulnerable to increases in food prices (as with the FFE Program that necessitated decreasing the amount of food provided). †¢The stipend amount is fixed at a level that will significantly offset household poverty (unlike the 25 taka offered through the PES Project). †¢The cash stipend is more flexible, so the family can determine its best use according to their needs—whether it is used for food purchase, school expenses or financing income generating activities (unlike the FFE Program where households often sold the food at less than market value to obtain cash). †¢Disbursing the stipend funds to the mother will increase her power within the household and she will be more likely to spend the money to improve the children’s welfare (earlier programs disbursed to fathers or male household heads). †¢Leakage will be reduced because (i) commodities (such as the FFE Program’s wheat and rice rations) are more liable to misappropriation and (ii) bank-mediated distribution eliminates scope for underpayment or kick-backs. †¢Provision of stipends on a nation-wide basis (rather than in selected areas) will reach the poor families throughout rural Bangladesh who must restrict their children’s participation in primary school. 7. 2 ProgramME Performance. The Primary Education Stipend Project (PESP) aims to increase the educational participation—enrollment, attendance, persistence, and performance–of primary school-aged children from poor families throughout Bangladesh by providing cash payments to targeted households. The new Primary Education Stipend Project is designed to provide cash assistance through a stipend program to poor primary school pupils and their families throughout rural Bangladesh. The impacts of PESP in the research area are described below according to the official objectives of the PESP: †¢ Increase the enrolment rate among primary school-aged children from poor families. The researcher found this objective successful to some extent because the statistics provided by the teachers show that enrolment rate has increased after the PESP have been introduced. The school enrolled the new students in only class one. The numbers of enrolment of last five years has been shown in the table below. YearNumber of students enrolled in class 1Total students of the school 200084270 200195280 2002102288 2003108295 2004116309 Table 6: The number of students enrolled in class 1. †¢ Increase the attendance rate of primary school pupils. The PESP rationale is that regular attendance will improve pupils learning outcomes and contribute to good grades on exams. Attaining 40 percent marks will motivate the pupil to study and the pupil’s family to support his/her studies, by ensuing school attendance (not withdrawing for labour) and providing the necessary supplies and inputs. Combined these conditions are expected to lead to reduced repetition and drop-out and increased completion. Meeting the attendance requirement on a monthly basis will  determine the amount of the quarterly stipend disbursement. If a pupil does not meet the condition, the stipend will not be paid for that month. Classroom teachers record attendance daily, checked by head teachers. The 85 percent target is relatively high, compared with average primary school attendance rates that are reported to be 61 percent or below and even with the FSSAP which has a target of 75 percent. This objective was not very successful as the attendance rate was very poor in the primary school were this research have been done. Teachers said that in general attendance rate is well below 85 percent. Students from the poor households are the most irregular ones. The reason for absenteeism is primarily due to the inability to pay for school expenses and/or the need to work either at home or outside the home. However, in some of the cases, reasons behind absenteeism were temporary or chronic illness, disinclination for schooling, bad weather, flooding, etc. During the rainy season the attendance was low as the roads were muddy and slippery and transportation was unavailable. During the bad whether some of them stayed absent as they didn’t want to damage their clothes. Two of the samples said that they had only two clothes, of which one was torn so they wore it in the house and the other one they wore in the school. They remained absent if the better cloth was wet as they couldn’t were the other one. The direct and opportunity costs of schooling, cultural constraints and prejudices, and special needs of vulnerable children—prevent these children from going to school. Although primary education is declared as tuition-free, there are many direct costs like exam fees, enrolment fee etc and with this there are many indirect costs like pen, papers, clothes etc. Though the stipend money was a help to some extent to the poor families, it was distributed after 3 months and during that time whenever the family couldn’t afford the necessary equipments, the children remained absent. Although the stipend receivers said that they bought pen, papers, clothes etc, they also said they still missed school whenever they couldn’t manage them as they were given punishments. Another reason for low attendance of the students was the opportunity cost of the child. Students frequently remained absent during different times of agricultural cycles as their labour was needed by their family. In the rainy seasons some of the boys helped their father in boat rowing so they stayed absent and because of this, they were dropped from the stipend receivers list. †¢ Reduce the drop out rate of primary school pupils and increase the cycle completion rate of primary school pupil. Unlike enrollment, persistence in primary school requires an ongoing household commitment that, especially among the vulnerable poor, is easily assailed by family circumstances (e.g. illness, death), the economy, and a host of other factors. The continuous payment of a stipend for the pupil’s entire primary school career—does provide both motivation and a monetary cushion for the family by helping to offset the opportunity costs associated with economic hardship that could pull a child from school. However, as a child ages both the direct and opportunity costs (for boys in the labour market and girls in the marriage market) increase, and the stipend is not sufficient to meet these costs. In addition, considerations other than monetary—such as lack of interest in schooling, dissatisfaction with the quality of schooling, cultural imperatives to marry, etc. –may come into play that are not amenable to financial incentives. Although primary education is declared as tuition-free, there are many direct costs like exam fees, enrolment fee; certain amount from the stipend money is also taken for various reasons. These expenses become a big problem for the poor households and it influences dropping out. The number of drop-out children in last five years is given below. Table 7: Number of dropouts in the last 5 years provided by the school YearNumber of drop-out childrenNumber of children completed class fiveTotal students in class five 1999104555 2000124254 2001114455 2002114960 2003124759 Chart: The number of dropouts and completions during last five years Although the dropout numbers provided by the school shows that dropout from school in class five is around 10 to 12, the researcher found that in reality the number was more than that as certain amount of underwriting is done so that the school remains in the PESP allotting list. The PESP stipend does not appear to meaningfully offset the opportunity costs of child labour, averaging less than 5 taka per day or $2 per month. But, its ability to attract children from the labour market to school clearly depends on the situation of the family. It is unlikely that a desperately poor family would be able to forego the income or even the food earned by a regularly-employed child. However, in some cases the child may continue to earn a sufficient amount outside of school hours and during school absences tolerated by the PESP (15 percent). The additional 25 taka per month for any subsequent children enrolled in primary school represents a much smaller contribution towards meeting the opportunity cost of schooling, and acts more as a reward to those households who have already made the decision to send their children to school than to encourage households to send non-attending children to school. Since opportunity costs must also be added to direct costs of schooling to assess the real cost, families of working children may not be able to cover both the sacrifice of a child’s income or labour and the cash outlays for the direct costs discussed above. Both the direct and opportunity costs of schooling increases as the child ages and progresses in primary school, increasing the burden for very poor families. Consequently, the PESP stipend may not be sufficient to overcome the financial barriers to primary schooling in families where children must work constantly to increase household production or income or to feed themselves. †¢ Enhance the quality of primary education. The PESP is least likely to be successful in improving the quality of education (as defined by learning outcomes and completion rates), because it places the entire burden of quality improvement on the child (maintaining high attendance) and household (purchasing educational inputs to ensure good grades), rather than on the teacher or school. First, failure to achieve is more often the result of poor instruction than of incapable students. Second, families targeted for support are poor, and it is far more likely that the stipend will be used to provide additional food and clothing for the family than purchase educational materials or tutoring for a primary school child. And while it would not be reasonable to expect a stipend program to also be a quality improvement program, the PESP may have negative consequences for educational quality of the 75-85 percent of primary school-age children already in school by diverting resources away from  needed supply-side improvements. The impact of PESP in the research area seemed to favour access over quality. The teachers said as the most of the parents who enrolled their children for stipend, they don’t worry about the quality of education; instead they want to receive the stipend money anyhow. This attitude can never help to improve quality of education. †¢ Ensure equity in the provision of financial assistance to primary school-age children and alleviate poverty. Bangladesh ranks as one of the poorest countries in the world, with a GDP per capita of $350. The poor account for about 50 percent of Bangladesh’s total population, and 37 percent are counted among the â€Å"hard-core† poor, who live in the direst circumstances (Bangladesh Human Development Report 2000, BIDS). That fifty-three percent of pupils in the primary education system come from poor households reflects the high demand for primary education among Bangladeshi parents. Ultimately, much of the success of the PESP in combating poverty and helping families deal with the direct and opportunity costs of sending their children to primary school will depend on the validity of the targeting mechanism and on the real value of the stipend in offsetting those costs. Primary school-age children become eligible for stipend benefits if their families meet at least one of the following five targeting criteria: ? Children from a landless or near-landless household that owns less than half an acre of land; ? Children of day labourers; ?Children from female-headed households (i. e. , a household headed by a female who is widowed, separated from husband, divorced, or having a disabled husband); ? Children from households that earn their living from low-income professions (such as, fishing, pottery, weaving, blacksmithing, and cobbling); and ? Children of sharecroppers. At present, the targeting methodology does not appear sufficiently well-defined to ensure that the poorest families in Bangladesh benefit, but rather the poorer families relative to their specific locale (which may not be terribly poor). With no clear-cut guidelines or empirical methods for identifying the poorest students, it is not clear how poor children can be identified. More over, a lot of community members and parents of the dropout children blamed the teachers and SMC members of deliberate biases and distortions. Almost universally, those interviewed said that SMC members and teachers complicit in giving favour to local elites and the non-poor in school admission and enrollment in the PESP or extracting some form of payment for consideration. Because the SMC members are generally members of the local elite, it has been told by the parents of the drop-outs and community member that they have a tendency to favour their own friends and relatives. The stipend amount appears sufficient to cover the education costs of one child, but the PESP often employs a rationale that double- and triple-counts the stipend, by stating that it will offset direct costs, eliminate opportunity costs, and increase household income. It is unlikely that the stipend is adequate to address all three at the same time. It does not appear to fully recognize that the PESP will also cause the families—especially those with working children—to incur significant costs that may not represent a net gain for the household (at least in the short-term). The PESP may be too expensive for very poor households whose children are not already enrolled, as the stipend amount is not sufficient to pay for education, compensate for lost wages/production and increase household income as well. Poverty impedes households’ ability to pay for school fees and/or other direct (e. g. textbooks) and indirect (e. g. â€Å"donations† for school authorities) costs that may be required for school admission or full participation in primary school. Poor households are more likely to need children’s labour for income-producing or cost-saving activities, and be less able to sacrifice the child’s time to schooling, resulting in frequent absenteeism and/or early withdrawal from school. The poor are more prone to disease and malnutrition than the non-poor. Poor health and nutritional status among young and school-aged children can result in illness and/or physical and cognitive impairment or delays, causing late enrollment, drop-out, absenteeism and poor learning outcomes. Additional objectives (mentioned by MOPME officials): Eradication of child labour and empowerment of women were the additional objectives. PESP could not eradicate child labour as it was seen that the samples often missed classes because of various household works. All of the 6 male samples helped their fathers in the field at different times of agricultural cycles. The boys who worked in the agricultural field worked in two phases. For working in the morning from 8AM to 1PM, they received 1 meal and 50 to 70 taka and for working from 2PM to 5PM, they are given 30 taka. In the rainy season a some of the male samples helped their fathers in boat rowing. Girls and women are the unpaid household labourers. All of the 6 female samples’ labour in the household is an economic necessity because it frees others to earn outside. All of them had to do important works like collecting water and firewood, washing utensils, helping in cooking and taking care of siblings. Because of these reasons, parents were reluctant to spare their daughters for schooling. There is no evidence of gender disparity in enrollment rates among the poor, but it is likely that girls who belonged to poor families are less likely to persist and perform in school than boys. But as there is a stipend programme for the secondary female students, girls are now getting the opportunity for higher studies. Social Impact of PESP: Irrespective of the PESP’s impact on primary education or its reaching the poorest 40 percent of families, the prevalence of poverty in Bangladesh is such that the PESP must be regarded as a positive move in improving social welfare, in that it represents a substantial redistribution or transfer of income from the wealthier sections of society to the poorer ones. Given the rural focus, it is seen that these cash transfers has some positive impact on the economies of small rural communities. As households spend the PESP stipend on commodities (books, food, clothing, etc) and services (tutoring, medical, etc. ), the effects are rippling through the community, generating additional income for merchants and suppliers. Insofar as mothers are the stipend recipients, it is expected that they will have decision-making authority over its use and their economic prestige will be enhanced somewhat. The political and social impact is also positive as beneficiary poor families and community members appreciate the recognition of need and the benefits offered by the PESP. But the major negative impact of this program is that those parents who sent their children to school after hearing about the stipend money, many of them withdrew their children when they were dropped from the stipend receivers list. These parents were unaware of the rules for achieving the stipend and they became angry and  annoyed by the rules. They also claimed that rules are strictly followed in the cases of poor students and teachers showed biasness while distributing stipends. According to them, the students who take private tuitions from the teachers and the children of the rich and powerful people receive stipend even if they are irregular or have failed in exams. Many of the parents said with anger that the strictness of rules happens only for the poor. Thus even though the stipend programme has increased the enrolment rate it has also became a reason for dropping out of children. The people who have two or more children enrolled in school do not support the rule of Tk. 125 for two children. They feel that all of their children should receive Tk. 100 each. Some of the parents of the dropouts were very annoyed with this rule. Few dropout children had their siblings reading in the same schools as well, so the amount of money received from PESP due to this rule made the parents take different strategy. Although both children received stipend, many of these parents withdrew their eldest child from school and engaged them in work, while the other children continued studying as long as they receive stipend. It is difficult for a poor family to afford the opportunity cost of more then one child. Matrix 1—Knowledge, attitude and perception towards the primary education stipend project Key issues Students ParentsTeachersCommunity 1. Knowledge regarding the project. Selection criteriaFor poor and regular students, in primary school are eligible for stipendFor poor and regular students85% attendance and at least 45% pass marks in each subjects in all examsGiven to all poor and good students schools Retention CriteriaRegular attendance and at least pass marks in all examsRegular attendance and good result85% attendance and at least 50% pass marks in each subjects in all examsRegular attendance in school and good result Disbursement ProcessDistributed by bank officials or teachers to the students in school/nearby camps arranged for disbursement. Distributed from school and received by studentsDistributed from school or camps arranged by UPO in the presence of headmaster, class teacher, and SMC members Distributed by school among students 2. Attitude towards the projectBeneficial for all especially the poor. Helpful for allHighly beneficial particularly to the poor studentsHelpful for children Adequacy of stipend amount Disbursement processNot sufficient and should be increased ReasonableInadequate for expenses of direct and hidden costs but still helpful. ReasonableThough inadequate but helpful for the very poor students Though reasonable but takes a whole working day Key issuesStudentsParentsTeachersCommunity 3. Impact of the project Enrollment Attendance Increased, particularly for the poor students Increased a little Increased Increased a little Increased for all, and especially increased for poor students Attendance is still the same amongst poor students but in general increased a little Increased Probably more regular than before Dropout Completion rate Incidence of early marriage. Support towards female education Family pressure for marriage Social pressure for marriageDecreased High Still the same Same as before Still the same Still the sameLess than before Higher than before Still the same Increased a little Decreased a little Still the sameDecreased a little Higher than before Still the same Increased a little Still the same Still the sameDecreased a little Higher than before Still the same Increased Decreased a little Still the same Key issues Students ParentsTeachersCommunity 4. Problems regarding the project. Inadequate stipend amount Late distribution of text books Late disbursement of stipend Extortion of stipend money in forms of school fees and private tuitionInadequate stipend amount, Indirect cost of schooling (fees, uniform, cost of education aids), Late distribution of stipend Extortion of stipend money in forms of school fees and private tuitionInadequate stipend amount for the very poor students, Lack of training opportunities for teachers in the project Late disbursement of stipend money by the government Inadequate stipend amount 7. 3 IMPACTS ON BENEF.